Uterine infections are a major concern for dairy farmers because they can seriously impact fertility, milk production, and overall herd health. Detecting them early allows for timely treatment and reduces economic losses. After calving, the cow’s uterus is still healing, making it vulnerable to bacterial invasion. Farmers need practical, reliable ways to identify infections before they cause long-term reproductive issues. This article explores the early signs of uterine infection, how to monitor cows safely, and the tools available to support effective detection.

Behavioral and Physical Indicators

One of the first places to start is careful observation. A cow with a uterine infection may show subtle behavioral changes, such as reduced appetite, lethargy, or reluctance to stand for milking. Physical signs include an abnormal vaginal discharge—often yellowish or with a foul smell—and a slight fever. Monitoring these indicators daily is essential, especially during the first two weeks postpartum. While these signs are helpful, they are not definitive on their own, so they should be combined with more objective diagnostic methods.

Rectal Palpation and Temperature Checks

Rectal palpation allows trained personnel to feel uterine tone and detect abnormalities like thickened walls or retained fluid. Coupled with temperature checks, this method can help identify cows that need treatment. Care must be taken to handle the cow gently and maintain hygiene to prevent additional infection or stress. Regular palpation starting around 7–14 days postpartum can provide early warnings, though it requires experience to interpret subtle changes accurately.

Using Ultrasound for Early Detection

Ultrasound imaging has become increasingly popular for detecting uterine infections safely. It provides a clear view of the uterus and can reveal retained fluids, abnormal wall thickness, or other irregularities that may not be apparent through observation or palpation alone. Portable scanners make it practical to use on-farm without causing stress. Ultrasound is particularly valuable in herds with high production demands, allowing veterinarians to intervene before fertility is affected.

Comparing Detection Methods

Farmers often use a combination of methods to increase detection accuracy. Below is a comparison of the common approaches:

Risk Factors to Watch

Certain conditions make cows more susceptible to uterine infections. Difficult calving, retained placenta, twin births, and poor hygiene during calving increase the risk. Monitoring cows with these risk factors more closely in the first two weeks postpartum is crucial. Early detection allows for timely antibiotic therapy or other interventions, improving recovery rates and protecting fertility.

Practical Recommendations for Farmers

Start with careful observation and record keeping for each cow. Check vital signs and look for abnormal discharges. For cows showing potential early signs, follow up with rectal palpation or ultrasound if available. Maintain cleanliness during any handling and consult a veterinarian promptly if any abnormalities are found. A systematic approach reduces stress, prevents worsening of infections, and preserves herd reproductive efficiency.

Conclusion

Detecting uterine infections early is essential for maintaining dairy cow fertility and overall herd health. Combining observation, rectal palpation, and ultrasound provides a safe, effective way to catch problems before they escalate. Farmers who implement a structured monitoring routine can protect their investment, minimize production losses, and ensure cows return to optimal reproductive performance quickly.